RESUMO
El material particulado (PM) es un grupo de elementos sólidos y líquidos producidos por diferentes actividades antropogénicas y naturales, que son emitidos directamente al aire. Tiene diferentes propiedades fisicoquímicas y termodinámicas y según su diámetro aerodinámico se puede clasificar en PM10 (<10 µm), PM2.5 (<2.5 µm) y PM0.1 (<0.1 µm); pueden inhalarse y llegar desde los pulmones a otros órganos, causando enfermedades respiratorias, cardiovasculares y neurológicas, entre otras. Considerando que el feto es susceptible a contaminantes atmosféricos a través de la exposición gestacional y que las perturbaciones en la vida temprana son cruciales para el desarrollo, el PM puede causar complicaciones, incluyendo parto prematuro, bajo peso al nacer y daños neuropsicológicos, entre otras. Esta revisión resume evidencia epidemiológica que demuestra la relación entre la exposición materna a PM y los resultados adversos en el desarrollo del feto, el nacimiento y la infancia, así como algunos mecanismos moleculares que podrían explicar estas asociaciones.
Summary Particulate matter (PM) is a group of solid and liquid elements produced by different anthropogenic and natural activities, which are emitted directly into the air. It has different physicochemical and thermodynamic properties and according to its aerodynamic diameter, it can be classified as PM10 (<10 µm), PM2.5 (<2.5 µm) and PM0.1 (<0.1 µm). It can be inhaled and reach other organs from the lungs, causing respiratory, cardiovascular and neurological diseases, among others. Considering that the foetus is susceptible to air pollutants such as PM through gestational exposure, and that early life disturbances are crucial for development, PM can cause various disorders or complications including premature birth, low birth weight and neuropsychological damage, among others. This review summarizes the epidemiological evidence that demonstrates the relationship between maternal exposure to PM and adverse outcomes in foetal development, birth, and childhood, as well as some molecular mechanisms that could explain these associations.
RESUMO
Background and Objectives: SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOC) and interest (VOI) pose a significant threat to public health because the rapid change in the SARS-CoV-2 genome can alter viral phenotypes such as virulence, transmissibility and the ability to evade the host response. Hence, SARS-CoV-2 quantification techniques are essential for timely diagnosis and follow-up. Besides, they are vital to understanding viral pathogenesis, antiviral evaluation, and vaccine development. Materials and Methods: Five isolates of SARS-CoV-2: D614G strain (B.1), three VOC (Alpha, Gamma and Delta), and one VOI (Mu) were used to compare three techniques for viral quantification, plaque assay, median tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) and real-time RT-PCR. Results: Plaque assay showed viral titers between 0.15 ± 0.01×107 and 1.95 ± 0.09×107 PFU/mL while viral titer by TCID50 assay was between 0.71 ± 0.01×106 to 4.94 ± 0.80×106 TCID50/mL for the five SARS-CoV-2 isolates. The PFU/mL titer obtained by plaque and the calculated from TCID50 assays differed by 0.61 log10, 0.59 log10, 0.59 log10 and 0.96 log10 for Alfa, Gamma, Delta, and Mu variants (p≤0.0007), respectively. No differences were observed for the D614G strain. Real-time PCR assay exhibited titers ranging from 0.39 ± 0.001×108 to 3.38 ± 0.04×108 RNA copies/µL for all variants. The relation between PFU/mL and RNA copies/mL was 1:29800 for D614G strain, 1:11700 for Alpha, 1:8930 for Gamma, 1:12500 for Delta, and 1:2950 for Mu. Conclusion: TCID50 assay was comparable to plaque assay for D614G but not for others SARS-CoV-2 variants. Our data demonstrated a correlation among PFU/mL and E gene RNA copies/µL, units of measure commonly used to quantify the viral load in diagnostic and research fields. The results suggest that the proportion of infectious virions in vitro changes depending on the SARS-CoV-2 variant, being Mu, the variant reaching a higher viral titer with fewer viral copies.
RESUMO
Las nanopartículas (NP) son estructuras con tamaño en la escala nanométrica (1 x 10-9 m). Por sus características, en los últimos años ha crecido su potencial para usarlas en los campos biotecnológico y biomédico en una amplia gama de aplicaciones, tales como el diagnóstico, la terapia y la medicina regenerativa. El sistema inmunológico es el responsable de la defensa del cuerpo ante organismos patógenos y otros agentes extraños, como las NP que pueden ser reconocidas por dicho sistema, interactuar con él y modular su función induciendo efectos inmunosupresores o inmunoestimuladores. Las primeras se podrían utilizar como agentes terapéuticos antinflamatorios o para tratar las enfermedades autoinmunes, y las que activan el sistema inmune, como adyuvantes en vacunación o potenciadores de la respuesta inmune en cáncer y otras enfermedades humanas. Sin embargo, su uso en nanomedicina debe estar sujeto a ensayos previos que determinen su efecto en la respuesta inmune antes de aplicarlas a los sistemas biológicos. Por esta razón es importante conocer su composición, tamaño y características superficiales, entre otras propiedades fisicoquímicas, directamente implicadas en los efectos sobre el sistema inmune. Se presenta una visión general de la relación entre las propiedades fisicoquímicas de las NP candidatas para ser usadas en los campos biomédico y biotecnológico y su actividad inmunomoduladora.
Nanoparticles (NP) are structures with a size on the nanometer scale (1 x 10-9 m). Due to their characteristics, their potential use in the fields of biotechnology and biomedicine has grown in recent years with a wide range of applications, such as diagnosis, therapy and regenerative medicine. The immune system is responsible for defending the body against pathogenic organisms and other foreign agents, such as NP, which can be recognized by such system, interact with it and modulate its function inducing immunostimulatory or immunosuppressive effects. The latter could be used as anti-inflammatory therapeutic agents or to treat autoimmune diseases, and those that activate the immune system, as adjuvants in vaccination or enhancers of the immune response in cancer and other human diseases. However, their use in nanomedicine should be submitted to preliminary tests to determine their effects on the immune response before being applied to biological systems. For this reason it is important to know their composition, size and surface characteristics, as well as other physicochemical properties, directly involved in the effects on the immune system. We present an overview about the relationship between the physicochemical characteristics of NP candidates to be used in the biomedical and biotechnological fields and their immunomodulatory activity.
As nanopartículas (NP) são estruturas com um tamanho na escala nanométrica (1 x 10-9 m). Por suas características, nos últimos anos há crescido seu potencial para ser usadas no campo biotecnológico e biomédico em uma ampla gama de aplicações, tais como o diagnóstico, a terapia e a medicina regenerativa. O sistema imunológico é o responsável da defensa do corpo ante organismos patógenos e outros agentes estranhos, como as NP, que podem ser reconhecidas pelo sistema imunológico, interatuar com elee modular sua função induzindo um efeito imunossupressor ou imunoestimulador. As NP com efeitos imunossupressores poderiam ser utilizadas como agentes terapêuticos anti-inflamatórios ou para tratar as doenças autoimunes e as NP que ativam o sistema imune, como adjuvantes em vacinação ou potenciadores da resposta imune no câncer e outras patologias humanas. Porém, seu uso na nanomedicina deve estar sujeito a ensaios prévios que determinem seu efeito na resposta imune antes de ser aplicadas aos sistemas biológicos. Por esta razão é importante conhecer seu composição, tamanho e características da superfície, entre outras propriedades físico-químicas, diretamente implicadas nos efeitos sobre o sistema imune. Aqui recopilamos uma visão geral da relação entre as propriedades físico-químicas das NP candidatas para ser usadas no campo biomédico e biotecnológico e sua atividade imunomoduladora.
Assuntos
Humanos , Fatores Imunológicos , Imunomodulação , Nanomedicina , Nanopartículas , Imunossupressores , Sistema ImunitárioRESUMO
El asbesto es un grupo de minerales no metálicos fibrosos, compuestos de silicatos de doble cadena que poseen gran resistencia a la tensión y la degradación química y conductividad térmica baja. A pesar de la evidencia experimental y poblacional de que dichos minerales son agentes cancerígenos y de su reconocimiento como tales por la Organización Mundial de la Salud, aún se los sigue usando en muchos países, Colombia incluida, a costa de la salud de los trabajadores, lo que se ha convertido en un problema mundial por el desarrollo de enfermedades asociadas a estos minerales en individuos expuestos. En este artículo se hace una revisión sobre el asbesto, las enfermedades asociadas a él y la normatividad mundial y colombiana frente al mismo; además, se plantea la conveniencia de evaluar la utilidad de la monitorización genética como complemento para el seguimiento de los individuos expuestos, que permita mejorar la vigilancia en nuestro país del desarrollo de cáncer de pulmón, mesotelioma y otras enfermedades asociadas con el asbesto.
Asbestos is a group of fibrous non-metallic minerals, composed of double chain silicates, that shows high resistance to tension and chemical degradation and low thermal conductivity. Despite being recognized as carcinogenic agents by the World Health Organization (WHO), based on experimental evidences and population studies, asbestos are still used in many countries at the expense of the health of workers. This has become a worldwide problem associated with the increase of asbestos-related diseases in exposed persons. In this article, we review asbestos and their associated diseases; the use, exposure and existing regulations on asbestos both in Colombia and in other countries. Finally, we raise the possibility of evaluating the usefulness of genetic monitoring in addition to following-up exposed individuals. This would enable a better surveillance in our country with respect to lung cancer, mesothelioma and other asbestos-related diseases.
